In October 1983, Vivian Bess discovered that her estranged husband, Leonard, had placed a recording apparatus on her telephone to tape her conversations. She sued him for violating Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub.L. No. 90-351, 82 Stat. 197 (1968) (current version at 18 U.S.C. Secs. 2510-2520 (1988)) [hereinafter Title III], which provides a civil cause of action for the unauthorized interception, disclosure or use of wire communications. After a bench trial, the federal magistrate judge ruled in Vivian's favor and awarded her $1,200 in damages and $1,900 in attorney's fees.

Vivian now appeals, contending that the damages and fees awarded are too low. Specifically, she argues that the magistrate judge erroneously refused to: (1) apply a $10,000 statutory damages minimum from a 1986 amendment to Title III; (2) find more than twelve violations; (3) impose punitive damages; and (4) award requested attorney's fees of $7,643. We affirm as to the statutory damages provision and the punitive damages issue. However, we increase the number of violations by one and remand for a reasonable increase in attorney's fees.

In July 1983, after twenty-six years of marriage, Vivian and Leonard Bess separated. Several months prior to their separation, Leonard attached a hidden tape recorder to the basement telephone line of the marital residence. The recorder operated intermittently until October 1983 when Vivian discovered the device and removed it.

On January 13, 1987, Vivian filed suit against Leonard (by that time her ex-husband) under 18 U.S.C. Secs. 2511, 2520, seeking actual and punitive damages and attorney's fees for the unlawful interception, disclosure and use of her phone conversations. At that time, section 2520 imposed statutory damages of the greater of either (1) $100 per day of violation, or (2) $1,000. While Vivian's case remained pending, however, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, Pub.L. No. 99-508, 100 Stat. 1848 (1986), took effect. This act, among other things, amended section 2520 to permit "statutory damages of whichever is the greater of $100 a day for each day of violation or $10,000." Sec. 103, 100 Stat. at 1854.

Vivian's lawsuit proceeded to trial on April 30, 1990. At trial, Vivian introduced twelve tapes containing her intercepted phone conversations. The tapes contained an average of two and one-half conversations each and, according to Leonard, represented one day of interception per tape. Vivian further presented court transcripts in which Leonard injected information derived from the intercepted conversations into the Bess' divorce proceeding in 1985. Transcript on Appeal at 16-17, 33.

The magistrate judge ruled for Vivian only on her unlawful interception claim. He found twelve days of interception, one day for each tape, and awarded statutory damages of $1,200 ($100 for each day of violation). In so ruling, the magistrate judge rejected Vivian's argument that the 1986 amendment entitled her to a minimum of $10,000 in statutory damages. The magistrate judge further ruled against Vivian on her punitive damages claim and awarded only $1,900 of a requested $7,643 in attorney's fees. This appeal followed.

Vivian raises one meritorious claim with respect to the number of violations. The record reveals that on July 24, 1985, during the Bess' divorce proceeding, Leonard recited facts obtained from the intercepted conversations in an attempt to establish marital misconduct by Vivian. This use of the intercepted contents represents additional prohibited conduct in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2511. Cf. Rodgers v. Wood, 910 F.2d 444, 446, 449 n. 3 (7th Cir.1990) (plaintiffs sought damages based on disclosure of intercepted conversations). We therefore determine that Vivian is entitled to an additional $100 in statutory damages.1

We have little difficulty rejecting Vivian's remaining contentions. Given the record at trial, the magistrate judge's finding that Vivian proved only twelve days of interceptions was not clearly erroneous. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a).

Vivian argues that the 1986 amendment to section 2520 entitles her to minimum statutory damages of $10,000. For this proposition, she chiefly relies on Bradley v. School Bd. of Richmond, 416 U.S. 696, 711, 94 S. Ct. 2006, 2016, 40 L. Ed. 2d 476 (1974), which instructs courts to apply the law in effect at the time the decision is rendered.

We nonetheless observe that Bradley explicitly recognized an exception for manifest injustice. Id. at 716, 94 S.Ct. at 2018. Under Bradley, manifest injustice may result where a retroactive application affects the rights of parties to a merely private lawsuit, id. at 717, 94 S.Ct. at 2019 (quoting United States v. The Schooner Peggy, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 103, 110, 2 L. Ed. 49 (1801)), or infringes upon the matured or unconditional rights of individuals, id. 416 U.S. at 720, 94 S. Ct. at 2020. We deem the manifest injustice exception apposite here.2

The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 largely recodified section 2520. H.R.Rep. No. 647, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 50 (1986).3 It enacted a two-year statute of limitations where none previously existed. 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2520(e) (1988). It adopted a separate framework of statutory damages for certain satellite video communications offenses. 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2520(c)(1) (1988). It increased the minimum statutory damages from $1,000 to $10,000 for all other violations. 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2520(c)(2) (1988). In addition, except for the satellite offenses, it provided that the court "may" assess the specified statutory damages amounts, rather than "shall" as previously had been the case. Id.

We further observe that the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 changed the mens rea required for violations from "willful" to "intentional." See Sec. 101(f), 100 Stat. at 1853. This modification served to "underscore that inadvertent interceptions are not crimes under the Electronic Communications Privacy Act." S.Rep. No. 541, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 23, reprinted in 1986 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 3555, 3577.

In our view, application of the above provisions to violations preceding their effective date could alter the rights of individuals and the expectations of private litigants. The amended provisions potentially affect both plaintiffs' rights to recovery and the limitations on defendants' liability. We also deem it significant that, although Congress increased the minimum statutory damages under section 2520, it did so only after clearly defining both the culpability necessary to constitute a violation and the time limitation for the cause of action.4 We therefore decline to apply section 2520, as amended, to Vivian's pending claim.

Vivian contends that the magistrate judge erroneously refused to award punitive damages. To merit punitive damages under section 2520, she must prove a wanton, reckless or malicious violation. Jacobson v. Rose, 592 F.2d 515, 520 (9th Cir.1978), cert. denied, 442 U.S. 930, 99 S. Ct. 2861, 61 L. Ed. 2d 298 (1979). Here, Leonard testified that he installed the tape recorder out of a belief that phone messages left for him at the marital residence were being withheld. In view of this explanation, as well as other testimony, we think the record adequately supported the magistrate judge's ruling.

The testimony and exhibits submitted at trial indicate that Vivian's counsel expended 57.7 hours at $90 per hour and 24.5 hours at $100 per hour on her case. Although these figures amounted to attorney's fees of $7,643, the magistrate judge, without explanation, awarded only $1,900. Vivian argues that the magistrate judge abused his discretion in awarding only $1,900 in attorney's fees.

We agree that the fee award should be increased. At the time Vivian filed her action, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2520(b)(3) (1986) provided that aggrieved persons shall be entitled to recover "a reasonable attorney's fee." Thus, at a minimum, an appropriate fee in this case should account for the hours reasonably expended on the successful pursuit of damages for the thirteen violations. See Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546, 563-64, 106 S. Ct. 3088, 3097-98, 92 L. Ed. 2d 439 (1986).5 At the same time, it might properly exclude time spent in unsuccessfully seeking amended statutory damages and punitive damages. These matters fall within the discretion of the trial court. See Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 436-37, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 1941, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1983).6 In any case, the magistrate judge should provide a concise and clear explanation of the reasons for the fee award. See id. at 437, 103 S.Ct. at 1941.7III. CONCLUSION

We affirm the magistrate judge's refusal to apply the amended statutory provision to Vivian's claim. We likewise affirm his refusal to award punitive damages. However, we conclude that an additional violation occurred when Leonard used the tape contents during the Bess' divorce proceeding and therefore direct the magistrate judge to increase Vivian's statutory damages award by $100. We remand for reconsideration of the attorney's fee award. No costs are awarded to either party on this appeal.